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<img height='225' src='http://vaticanstamps.org/VPS/images/296/1138.jpg'> 
The Basilica of Saint John Lateran 
Holy Year Issue of 2000 (Scott 1138) </center>
 
November 9 on the Liturgical Calendar is reserved for the remembrance of the "The Dedication of the Lateran Basilica in Rome". The Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran is the “the mother and head of all churches,” and the feast of its dedication began in the 12th century.
 
The site of the current Basilica was presented to Pope Miltiades by the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great. It was originally the site of a Laterni family villa, and later perhaps that of Marcus Aurelius. For a short time, it was a palace for Constantine’s second wife, Fausta. The Basilica is the pope’s see as Bishop of Rome, and has been the location for five ecumenical councils. 
 
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<img height='325' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_2021.jpg'> 
Facade, Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 
Photo by NikonZ7II 
From Wikimedia Commons, used under the terms of the Creative 
Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license</center>
 
Pope Sylvester I (314-325) added to the building as did subsequent popes, converting it to a church. It was rebuilt on several occasions, especially after two massive 14th century fires (in 1307 and 1361). From the 4th century up to the Avignonese papacy (1309-1376), it served as the papal residence. It was rebuilt in the 16th century at the direction of Pope Sixtus V under the oversight of his favorite architect, Domenico Fontana. It was then dedicated to Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist. The full name of the basilica was then defined as the “Cathedral of the Most Holy Savior and of Saints John the Baptist and the Evangelist in the Lateran.”
 
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<img height='325' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Lazio_Roma_SGiovanni2_tango7174.jpg'> 
Apse and Papal Cathedra 
Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 
Photo by Tango7174 
From Wikimedia Commons, used under the terms of the Creative 
Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license</center>
 
The massive bronze doors of the Basilica were originally at the Senate Chamber at the Roman Forum. The interior of the basilica contains many mosaics, especially above its apse (some of which have appeared on Vatican City stamps). Other mosaics display historical scenes such as Christ presenting the Apostles with their mission, Jesus giving the keys of Heaven to Pope Sylvester I and the cross (Labarum) to Constantine, and St. Peter giving the papal stole to Pope Leo III (795-816) and the standard to Charlemagne. Another striking feature is the series of twelve monumental statues of the apostles that line the two sides of the nave leading to the main altar. Photos of these statues have been incorporated into many of the Daily Emails on the feast days of the apostles.
 
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<img height='325' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_-_Baldacchino.jpg'> 
High Altar and Baldacchino 
Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 
Photo byWiki ktulu 
From Wikimedia Commons, used under the terms of the Creative 
Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported license</center>
 
A 13th century Gothic canopy by Arnolfo di Cambo is situated over the high altar. Above the central altar are two reliquaries said to contain fragments of the skulls of Ss. Peter and Paul.
 
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<img height='325' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Pope_Leo_XIII_tomb.JPG'> 
Tomb of Pope Leo XIII 
Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 
Photo by Kiss Tamás 
From Wikimedia Commons, used under the terms of the Creative 
Commons Attribution Share-Alike 3.0 Unported license</center>
 
Over the centuries many popes were buried at the basilica, although tragically some of their tombs have been lost due to fires, a sack by Vandals in 5th century, an earthquake in the 9th century, and periods of reconstruction. Among the notable tombs still extant are those of Pope Innocent III (1198-1216) and Leo XIII (1878-1903).
 
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<img height='225' src='http://vaticanstamps.org/VPS/images/296/C35.jpg'> 
The Lateran Obelisk 
Scott C35 (1959)</center>
 
The Lateran Obelisk, the largest ancient obelisk in the world, stands in the Piazza of John Paul II, facing the Lateran Palace and close to the Lateran Baptistery, the oldest Christian baptistery. Nearby is the building housing the "Scala Santa" (or "Holy Stairs"), said to be those climbed by Jesus during His Passion to reach the Praetorium in Jerusalem to be judged by Pilate. 
 
REFERENCES: 
<li>Dawn Marie Beutner, Saints: Becoming an Image of Christ Every Day of the Year 
<li>Frank J. Kern, A Catholic’s Guide to Rome: Discovering the Soul of the Eternal City, 2000, pp. 56-61 
<li>James C. Hamilton, Vatican Notes, Volume 65, Number 371, pp.12-29, 2017, <a href='http://vaticanstamps.org/vaticannotes/idisplay.php?p=65-371-12-13&r=0'>Mosaics on Vatican City Stamps</a> 
<li>Wikipedia, <a href='https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran#'>Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a> 
<li>Vatican Philatelic Society website, www.vaticanstamps.org, Stamp Database Search
 
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<img height='225' src='http://vaticanstamps.org/VPS/images/296/E12.jpg'> 
The Basilica of Saint John Lateran 
Basilica Series of 1949 (Scott E12)</center>

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