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<tr><td colspan=4 align='center'><b>Aerogramme - 90th Anniversary of Our Lady of Loreto<br>A48 (2010)</b>
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On 7 October 1571, the naval fleet of the Holy League defeated the fleet of the Ottoman Empire at Lepanto, off the west coast of Greece off the Gulf of Corinth in the Ionian Sea. The Holy League was organized by Pope Pius V (1566-1572) and included the Papal States, Spain (Philip II), Venice, Genoa, Malta, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany and the Duchies of Savoy, Urbino, and Parma. It was the last sea battle using rowing ships. The Christian fleet included 200 ships, but the Christian fleet contained an advantage in weaponry of 1,800 guns compared to the Muslim’s 750 as well as wider freedom of movement on deck and larger fields for weaponry to fire.  Lepanto was the largest battle of the sixteenth century and the largest sea battle in over 1,500 years. <br><br>
The Holy League was commanded by Don Juan of Austria (1547-1578), the illegitimate half-brother of Philip II, King of Spain (and son of Emperor Charles V, d. 1558). Pope Pius V requested prayers throughout Europe for the Holy League and instituted the Feast of Our Lady of the Rosary after the successful battle.  Coming after the successful defense of Malta during the 1564 siege of that island, the victory was hailed throughout Europe and temporarily checked Ottoman expansion during the long reign of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (d. 1566). The on-going threat of the Ottoman Empire did not disappear after the battle and Muslim forces were to threaten Vienna for a second time in in 1683 and the Great Turkish War of 1683-1699.<br><br>
The Christian fleet entered the Gulf of Corinth at 2 a.m. with a favorable breeze. At dawn the Muslim fleet emerged in its crescent shaped formation which extended from shore to shore, while the Christian fleet formed as a Cross with the majority of ships in the central column.  Turkish Grand Admiral Muesinsade Ali flew a green banner copied from one at Mecca carried by Mohammed with the name of Allah inscribed 29,000 times. Don Juan’s banner carried an image of the crucified Christ on a blue field which flew from his ship’s foremost mast.  Historian Richard Mackenney writes that “this was not to be a battle of tactics and manoeuvre. Don John aimed at achieving a breakthrough by head-on collision, victory by close fighting.  There was a crucifix on every deck, and the Christians knelt at Mass in gleaming armour before battle was joined.”<br><br>
The resulting Christian victory was overwhelming, 8,000 Turks killed and 10,000 captured, 117 of the Muslim ships captured and 50 destroyed.  Christian losses totaled 7,500 killed and 17 ships lost, while 12,000 Christian galley slaves were liberated from the Ottoman fleet after they broke free during the battle and assisted in turning the tide of battle.<br><br> On 8 October, Pius V celebrated a Mass of thanksgiving at St. Peter’s Basilica and the next year, he proclaimed Our Lady of Victory to be established as a universal permanent feast day.<br><br>
<b>The 2011 Vatican City aerogramme containes an image from a much larger painting by Giorgio Vasari, “The Battle of Lepanto 7 October 1571” as the air letter’s postal indicia.</b><br><br>
<b>References:</b><br>• Warren H. Carroll, The Cleaving of Christendom, Vol. IV in A History of Christendom, (2000), pp. 354-356 <br>• Richard Mackenney, Sixteenth Century Europe: Expansion and Conflict (1993), p. 261 <br><br>
<b>Article Link:</b> <br>• James C. Hamilton, <a href='http://vaticanstamps.org/vaticannotes/idisplay.php?p=65-373-34-35&r=0'>“Malta Crossroad of the Mediterranean ”</a><br> Vatican Notes, Vol. 65, No. 373, p. 34-37 (2017) <br>
• James C. Hamilton, <a href='http://vaticanstamps.org/vaticannotes/idisplay.php?p=59-350-04-05&r=0'>“Vatican City New Issues: June to Sept 2011” </a> <br>Vatican Notes, Vol. 59, No. 350, p. 4-7 (2011)

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